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Sources

If you are curious to learn more about any topics on our website, feel free to explore the sources listed below!

*All images are open source unless otherwise stated.*

About Us

  1. ​Kabat, G. C. (2017). Hormonal Confusion: The Contested Science of Endocrine Disruption. In Getting Risk Right: Understanding the Science of Elusive Health Risks (pp. 85–115). Columbia University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/kaba16646.10

Our Perspective

  1. Hutchison, E. D. (2011). Life course theory. Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 1586–1594. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_13

EDC Exposure

What are EDCs?

  1. Hahladakis, J.N., Iacovidou, E. and Gerassimidou, S. (2023), An overview of the occurrence, fate, and human risks of the bisphenol-A present in plastic materials, components, and products. Integr Environ Assess Manag, 19: 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4611

  2. Martínez-Ibarra, A., Martínez-Razo, L. D., MacDonald-Ramos, K., Morales-Pacheco, M., Vázquez-Martínez, E. R., López-López, M., Rodríguez Dorantes, M., & Cerbón, M. (2021). Multisystemic alterations in humans induced by bisphenol A and phthalates: Experimental, epidemiological and clinical studies reveal the need to change health policies. Environmental Pollution, 271, 116380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116380

  3. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017, April 7). Parabens. Parabens Factsheet | National Biomonitoring Program | CDC.

  4. Kortenkamp, A. (2007). Ten Years of Mixing Cocktails: A Review of Combination Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(Suppl 1), 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9357

  5. Lee, H. R., Jeung, E. B., Cho, M. H., Kim, T. H., Leung, P. C., & Choi, K. C. (2013). Molecular mechanism(s) of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their potent oestrogenicity in diverse cells and tissues that express oestrogen receptors. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, 17(1), 1–11.

  6. US Environmental Protection Agency. (2023, March 13). Overview of the Endocrine System. https://www.epa.gov/endocrine-disruption/overview-endocrine-system

Where are EDCs Found?

  1. Meeker J. D. (2012). Exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors and child development. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 166(6), E1–E7. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.24

  2. Peinado, F. M., Iribarne-Durán, L. M., Ocón-Hernández, O., Olea, N., & Artacho-Cordón, F. (2021). Endocrine disrupting chemicals in cosmetics and personal care products and risk of endometriosis. Endometriosis. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93091   

Why Pregnancy?

1. Street, M. E., & Bernasconi, S. (2020). Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Human Fetal Growth. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(4), 1430. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041430

2. Kumar, M., Sarma, D. K., Shubham, S., Kumawat, M., Verma, V., Prakash, A., & Tiwari, R. (2020). Environmental Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical Exposure: Role in Non-Communicable Diseases. Frontiers in public health, 8, 553850. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.553850

Health Outcomes

Life Course Health Outcomes

  1. Bustamante-Montes, L. P., Hernández-Valero, M. A., Flores-Pimentel, D., García-Fábila, M., Amaya-Chávez, A., Barr, D. B., & Borja-Aburto, V. H. (2013). Prenatal exposure to phthalates is associated with decreased anogenital distance and penile size in male newborns. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 4(4), 300–306. https://doi.org/10.1017/s2040174413000172

  2. Cho, Y. J., Yun, J. H., Kim, S. W., & Choi, D. (2020). Nonpersistent endocrine disrupting chemicals and reproductive health of women. Obstetrics & Gynecology Science, 63(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.5468/ogs.2020.63.1.1

  3. Endometriosis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic. (2018, July 24). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometriosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354656#:~:text=Endometriosis%20is%20a%20condition%20in,including%20the%20bowel%20and%20bladder.

  4. Govarts, E., Iszatt, N., Trnovec, T., De Cock, M., Eggesbø, M., Palkovicova Murinova, L., Van De Bor, M., Guxens, M., Chevrier, C., Koppen, G., Lamoree, M., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Lopez-Espinosa, M. J., Lertxundi, A., Grimalt, J. O., Torrent, M., Goñi-Irigoyen, F., Vermeulen, R., Legler, J., & Schoeters, G. (2018). Prenatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and risk of being born small for gestational age: Pooled analysis of seven European birth cohorts. Environment International, 115, 267–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.017

  5. Kelley, A. S., Banker, M., Goodrich, J. M., Dolinoy, D. C., Burant, C., Domino, S. E., Smith, Y. R., Song, P. X. K., & Padmanabhan, V. (2019). Early pregnancy exposure to endocrine disrupting chemical mixtures are associated with inflammatory changes in maternal and neonatal circulation. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 5422. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41134-z

  6. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic. (2022, September 8). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pcos/symptoms-causes/syc-20353439

  7. Rahman, A., Kumarathasan, P., & Gomes, J. (2016). Infant and mother related outcomes from exposure to metals with endocrine disrupting properties during pregnancy. Science of the Total Environment, 569–570, 1022–1031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.134

  8. Sun, M., Cao, X., Wu, Y., Shen, L., & Wei, G. (2022). Prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and thyroid function in neonates: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 231, 113215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113215

  9. Street, M. E., & Bernasconi, S. (2020). Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Human Fetal Growth. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(4), 1430. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041430

  10. Tang, Z.-R., Xu, X.-L., Deng, S.-L., Lian, Z.-X., & Yu, K. (2020). Oestrogenic Endocrine Disruptors in the Placenta and the Fetus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(4), 1519. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041519

  11. Bonde, J. P., Flachs, E. M., Rimborg, S., Glazer, C. H., Giwercman, A., Ramlau-Hansen, C. H., Hougaard, K. S., Høyer, B. B., Hærvig, K. K., Petersen, S. B., Rylander, L., Specht, I. O., Toft, G., & Bräuner, E. V. (2016). The epidemiologic evidence linking prenatal and postnatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals with male reproductive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Update, 23(1), 104–125. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmw036

  12. Salazar, P., Villaseca, P., Cisternas, P., & Inestrosa, N. C. (2021). Neurodevelopmental impact of the offspring by thyroid hormone system-disrupting environmental chemicals during pregnancy. Environmental Research, 200, 111345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111345

  13. Campioli, E., Martinez-Arguelles, D. B., & Papadopoulos, V. (2014). In utero exposure to the endocrine disruptor di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate promotes local adipose and systemic inflammation in adult male offspring. Nutrition & Diabetes, 4(5), e115–e115. https://doi.org/10.1038/nutd.2014.13

Health Disparities

  1. 1. Fisher, M., MacPherson, S., Braun, J. M., Hauser, R., Walker, M., Feeley, M., Mallick, R., Bérubé, R., & Arbuckle, T. E. (2017). Paraben Concentrations in Maternal Urine and Breast Milk and Its Association with Personal Care Product Use. Environmental science & technology, 51(7), 4009–4017. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b0430

  2. Campaign for Safe Cosmetics. (2023). CSC’s Non-Toxic Black Beauty Project. Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, https://www.safecosmetics.org/black-beauty-project/. 

  3. Hsieh, C. J., Chang, Y. H., Hu, A., Chen, M. L., Sun, C. W., Situmorang, R. F., Wu, M. T., Wang, S. L., & TMICS study group (2019). Personal care products use and phthalate exposure levels among pregnant women. The Science of the total environment, 648, 135–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.149

  4. Dodson, R. E., Cardona, B., Zota, A. R., Robinson Flint, J., Navarro, S., & Shamasunder, B. (2021). Personal care product use among diverse women in California: Taking Stock Study. Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 31(3), 487–502. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-021-00327-3

  5. Mayo Clinic Staff. (2022, September 8). Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved March 5, 2023, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pcos/symptoms-causes/syc-20353439

  6. Kamalanathan, S., Sahoo, J. P., & Sathyapalan, T. (2013). Pregnancy in polycystic ovary syndrome. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 17(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.107830

  7. Black women and PCOS. Resilient Sisterhood Project. (2022, October 13). Retrieved March 5, 2023, from https://rsphealth.org/pcos/

  8. Cobellis, L., Latini, G., De Felice, C., Razzi, S., Paris, I., Ruggieri, F., Mazzeo, P., & Petraglia, F. (2003). High plasma concentrations of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate in women with endometriosis. Human Reproduction, 18(7), 1512-1515. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deg254

  9. Bariani, M. V., Rangaswamy, R., Siblini, H., Yang, Q., Al-Hendy, A., & Zota, A. R. (2020). The role of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in uterine fibroid pathogenesis. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity, 27(6), 380–387. https://doi.org/10.1097/med.0000000000000578

  10. Balzer, D. (2022, July 28). Mayo Clinic Minute: Black women and uterine fibroids - mayo clinic news network. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved March 5, 2023, from https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-minute-black-women-and-uterine-fibroids/#:~:text=Black%20women%20in%20the%20U.S.,%2Dimage%2C%20and%20affect%20fertility

  11. Black women and Endometriosis. Resilient Sisterhood Project. (2022, September 8). Retrieved March 5, 2023, from https://rsphealth.org/endometriosis/#:~:text=A%20study%20by%20the%20American,DHHS%2C%20CDC%2C%20NIAID

  12. Chaudry, I. (2020). The Passage of the CROWN Act Will be a Win for Black Women and Girl’s Health. https://nwhn.org/crown/ 

  13. [Dark and Lovely: Corrective Leave-In Conditioner] (n.d.). https://africa.darkandlovely.com/our-products/Collections/Maintenance-Range/Corrective-Leave-In-Conditioner

  14. [ORS Olive Oil Max Moisture Conditioning and Softening Bundle.] (n.d.). https://orshaircare.com/products/condition-soften-bundle-1

  15. [ORS Olive Oil Built-In Protection Full Application No Lye Hair Relaxer, Normal Strength.] (n.d.) https://orshaircare.com/products/ors-olive-oil-built-in-protection-no-lye-hair-relaxer-systems 

Education

Exposure Quiz

1. Endocrine Society. (2019, November 20). Common EDCs and where they are found. Endocrine Society. Retrieved March 5, 2023, from https://www.endocrine.org/topics/edc/what-edcs-are/common-edcs

 2. Environmental Protection Agency. (2022, May 26). Protect Your Family from Sources of Lead. EPA. Retrieved March 5, 2023, from https://www.epa.gov/lead/protect-your-family-sources-lead

 3. Gervin, D. (2008). You can stand under my umbrella: weighing trade secret protection against the need for greater transparency in perfume and fragrances product labeling. Journal of Intellectual Property Law, 15(2), 315-342.

4. Darbre P. D. (2018). Overview of air pollution and endocrine disorders. International journal of general medicine, 11, 191–207. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S10223

5. Rubin B. S. (2011). Bisphenol A: an endocrine disruptor with widespread exposure and multiple effects. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 127(1-2), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.05.002

6. Mnif, W., Hassine, A. I., Bouaziz, A., Bartegi, A., Thomas, O., & Roig, B. (2011). Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: a review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 8(6), 2265–2303. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8062265

Policy

Clean Beauty

1. NutritionSmall Businesses & Homemade Cosmetics: Fact Sheet. U.S. Food And Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/resources-industry-cosmetics/small-businesses-homemade-cosmetics-fact-sheet#:~:text=FDA%20regulates%20cosmetics%20under%20the,they%20must%20be%20properly%20labeled.

2. Patel, J. (2022). Amending the food, drug, and cosmetic act's labeling requirements for cosmetics. George Washington Law Review Arguendo, 90(1), 31-55.

CROWN Act

  1. The official crown act. The Official CROWN Act. (n.d.). Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://www.thecrownact.com/

  2. Crown Act Resources. The Official CROWN Act. (n.d.). Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://www.thecrownact.com/research-studies

BPA Regulation

  1. Hahladakis, J.N., Iacovidou, E. and Gerassimidou, S. (2023), An overview of the occurrence, fate, and human risks of the bisphenol-A present in plastic materials, components, and products. Integr Environ Assess Manag, 19: 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4611

  2. Kassotis, C. D., Vandenberg, L. N., Demeneix, B. A., Porta, M., Slama, R., & Trasande, L. (2020). Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Economic, regulatory, and policy implications. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 8(8), 719–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30128-5

  3. Martínez-Ibarra, A., Martínez-Razo, L. D., MacDonald-Ramos, K., Morales-Pacheco, M., Vázquez-Martínez, E. R., López-López, M., Rodríguez Dorantes, M., & Cerbón, M. (2021). Multisystemic alterations in humans induced by bisphenol A and phthalates: Experimental, epidemiological and clinical studies reveal the need to change health policies. Environmental Pollution, 271, 116380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.11638

  4. Environmental Defense Fund. (2022, January 27). Groups petition FDA to restrict Bisphenol A in food packaging. Press Release Archive. https://www.edf.org/media/groups-petition-fda-restrict-bisphenol-food-packaging#:~:text=A%20coalition%20of%20physicians%2C%20scientists%2C%20and%20public%20health,on%20its%20use%20in%20plastics%20that%20contact%20food.

ACOG Care Guidelines

  1. Kilpatrick, S. J. & Papile, L. (Eds.). (2017). Guidelines for Perinatal Care. American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.

  2. DeNicola, N., Borders, A. E., Singla, V., & Woodruff, T. J. (2021, July). Reducing prenatal exposure to toxic environmental agents. ACOG. Retrieved March 5, 2023, from https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2021/07/reducing-prenatal-exposure-to-toxic-environmental-agents

  3. Butler, J. L., Danilack, V. A., O'Reilly, N. E., & Zahn, C. M. (2021, September). Clinical consensus methodology. ACOG. Retrieved March 5, 2023, from https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/clinical-consensus/articles/2021/09/clinical-consensus-methodology#:~:text=%2C%20acog.org%20.-,ACOG%20Clinical%20Consensus%20Update%20Process,its%20accuracy%20and%20continued%20relevance

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